Pencetakan 3D dari resin yang dapat disembuhkan cahaya telah berkembang pesat dalam beberapa tahun terakhir untuk menjaditeknologi pencetakan 3D terpopuler kedua setelah FFF , baik di lingkungan profesional maupun pembuat. Lonjakan ini merupakan hasil dari dua faktor penting . Di satu sisi, biaya printer 3D resin yang lebih rendah karena munculnya teknologi baru telah menempatkan printer resin di segmen harga yang sama dengan FFF. Di sisi lain, munculnyamateri baru seperti resin gigi, fleksibel, dan teknik telah memungkinkan untuk memproduksi komponen resin yang sebelumnya hanya layak menggunakan FDM atau SLS.
Kekuatan utama pencetakan resin 3D, yang telah menarik perhatian beberapa sektor profesional sepertikedokteran gigi atau perhiasan , adalah resolusi tinggi itu mampu mencapai, mulai dari 50 µm hingga 150 µm di XY dan dari 30 µm hingga 200 µm dalam Z , yang berada di bawah resolusi minimum printer FFF 3D. Hasilnya, komponen cetakan resin memiliki kualitas permukaan yang tinggi dan tingkat detail yang tinggi, memberi mereka kualitas estetika tertinggi dari semua teknologi manufaktur aditif.
Pencetakan resin 3D didasarkan pada prinsip yang sama sekali berbeda dengan yang digunakan di sebagian besar teknologi pencetakan 3D seperti FFF atau SLS. Sedangkan dalam hal ini, polimer termoplastik digunakan sebagai titik awal dan dipanaskan hingga suhu leleh untuk membentuk bagian, pencetakan resin didasarkan pada polimerisasi campuran reaktif monomer dan oligomer dengan penerapan cahaya secara selektif. Artinya, alih-alih menggunakan plastik sebagai bahan baku, dalam pencetakan resin digunakan komponen dasar penyusun plastik dan plastik dibentuk oleh reaksi kimia selama proses pencetakan.
Resin untuk pencetakan 3D terutama terdiri dari tiga komponen:
Monomer dan oligomer: Ini adalah molekul kecil yang bereaksi satu sama lain untuk membentuk polimer panjang rantai, yang merupakan komponen dasar dari plastik. Panjang rantai ini akan sangat menentukan propertinya
Agen penautan silang: Terdiri dari molekul yang lebih besar atau lebih kecil dengan dua atau lebih gugus reaktif mampu mengikat di berbagai titik ke rantai polimer. Fungsinya adalah untuk menjaga agar rantai tetap terhubung satu sama lain. In general, plastics formed in the presence of crosslinking agents give rise to what are known as thermosetting plastics or resins.
Photoinitiator: This is responsible for promoting the reaction between the monomers or of these with the crosslinking agent. These are organic molecules, generally dyes or fluorophores, capable of producing cations or free radicals in the presence of light at a given wavelength, thus initiating radical or cationic polymerisation reactions.
Light, generally blue (405 nm) or violet (365 nm - 385 nm), is used to activate the photoinitiators and make the resin solidify, as this is the most energetic band in the visible spectrum. To do this, only the areas that will be part of the piece are illuminated in each layer.
The 3D resin printing technologies are determined by the type of light source and the method of selective lighting used. Currently there are three common technologies:SLA, DLP and LED-LCD.
3D SLA or stereolithography printing is the oldest commercial 3D printing technology. It was developed during the first half of the 1980s and was patented in 1986 by 3D Systems founder Chuck Hull, just three years before Stratasys founder Scott Crump patented FDM technology.
In 3D SLA printing, the resin is cured using a laser beam between 150 and 300 µm in diameter. The laser sweeps the surface of each layer using a moving mirror system called a galvanometer. The main advantage of this technology is the high precision it can achieve , especially in the central area of the construction platform, which is only surpassed by SLS technology.
Another of its advantages, derived in part from this high precision, is that it achieves a superior surface finish to that obtained in DLP and LED-LCDs as it does not present the staircase effect that can be seen in the latter.
However, not everything is an advantage, as this is the slowest resin printing technology. For each layer it is necessary to sweep the entire surface of the part with the laser, which is a slow process, which increases the more parts we position in the construction space. In addition, it is necessary to keep the sweeping speeds within a specific range, as very high speeds would result in a loss of precision, the main strength of this technology.
This is the technology used by the renowned Formlabs printers , the benchmark brand for resin printing. Printers such as Form 3 or Form 3B use this technology in conjunction with high precision galvanometers to offer the highest quality standards in critical sectors such as high jewellery, dentistry or medicine.
Image 4:Form 3B printer. Font:Formlabs.comDLP 3D printing technology was developed with the aim of reducing 3D resin printing times . Instead of sweeping the surface of the part with a laser, the entire layer is projected simultaneously using a light source, a device consisting of a moving micro-mirror array known as a DMD (Digital Micromirror Device) and a set of lenses responsible for projecting the image onto the resin.
This technology was a revolution , since each layer is formed in a few seconds and the printing time is independent of the number of pieces placed on the base, only of the height of these.
Its main disadvantage is that the printing resolution is determined by the density of micro-mirrors that form the DMD and the projected surface. For the same DMD system, a larger printing surface will always result in a proportional decrease in resolution, which is not the case with SLA systems, where the resolution is determined by the diameter of the laser beam and is independent of the printing surface.
In addition, the use of projection lenses can cause distortions in areas far from the centre , which are greater the larger the construction size. It is possible to correct these distortions by using more complex optical systems, however, they often make the device very expensive and therefore not very popular.
The surface quality of the pieces is usually slightly lower than those produced by SLA, and in many cases the staircase effect appears.
Although printing times were critically shortened, this technology did not displace SLA technology. Today, it is a technology that has fallen into disuse, displaced mainly by the appearance of LED-LCD technology.
It is the latest technology to reach the market and has experienced significant growth in recent years. It was developed as an evolution of DLP technology , and today has virtually replaced it.
Operation is similar to DLP technology, however, instead of reflecting light using a digital micromirror device (DMD), it uses an LCD device in which each pixel acts as a small window that blocks or lets light through.
Image 6:SLA vs DLP vs MSLA. Source:theorthocosmos.com
LCD devices are the same as those used in mobile screens or TV or computer panels, so the cost is much lower than that of DMD devices. In addition, they are available in sizes from 3" to 80", so the projection is direct and perpendicular to the base over the entire surface. This avoids the use of expensive and complex projection lens systems and the distortions they cause in DLP produced parts.
Among its main advantages are its high printing speed and low cost . In addition, it outperforms DLP technology in two key ways. As noted above, perpendicular projection prevents distortion from the oblique projection provided by lenses in DLP systems. Secondly, LCD devices not only block or allow light to pass through, but can also filter it by varying the light intensity independently at each pixel. This makes it possible to use anti-aliasing processes that reduce the staircase effect and allow for surface qualities very close to those obtained by SLA
Image 7:Sub-pixel or anti-aliasing sampling to avoid staircase effect Source:hackaday.com
All of this has meant that its growth in recent years has not only displaced DLP technology but is beginning to replace SLA technology in industries such as dentistry, where SLA technology is a standard.
One of the main drawbacks is the high level of heating produced by the LED matrixes used , which means that effective cooling systems must be implemented to prevent the resin from heating up in long prints.
Image 8:Liquid cooling system of a Uniz printer. Source:Uniz.com
It is the technology present in all low-cost resin 3D printers and also the latest professional models such as the Uniz Slash.
Image 9:Uniz Slash Plus printer. Source:Uniz.com
Today the dilemma could be reduced to two technologies:SLA or LED-LCD.
Despite the growth of LED-LCD technology, SLA technology is still the majority in professional environments. There are two reasons for this, firstly the high quality and accuracy achieved by SLA with printers such as Formlabs is difficult to match. On the other hand, new technologies need a transition period to make room in companies due to the need to amortise current equipment and the distrust of new systems with low implementation in their sector.
However, the new professional LED-LCD printers, such as the Uniz, can provide an important competitive advantage by allowing small series to be produced with a quality similar to SLA and in a fraction of the time. For example, in the production of models for lost-wax moulding, which is widely used in some branches of the jewellery industry and which can lead to significant savings, not only in time and resources, but also in costs.
The decision between one or the other must be based on the user's needs between precision and production capacity. In many cases they should be thought of not as rival technologies, but as complementary, having a team dedicated to the production of small series and another for more delicate and precise works.
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