Desain Baru Sistem Pengiriman Obat Cerdas Berdasarkan Partikel Nanoantenna

Abstrak

Sistem penghantaran obat nanopartikel senyawa memainkan peran penting dalam interaksi dengan kelenjar getah bening. Ada tiga jenis utama limfosit:sel B, sel T, dan sel pembunuh alami. Ketika sel-sel sistem kekebalan berubah menjadi karsinogenik, mereka menyerang sel-sel tubuh. Cairan getah bening berperan penting dalam menyerang sel-sel tubuh yang sehat; oleh karena itu, makalah ini bertujuan untuk merancang sistem penghantaran obat, yang dapat mengarahkan nanopartikel secara efisien untuk menargetkan sel yang terinfeksi, membantu dalam eliminasi sel tersebut dengan kecepatan tinggi. Desain yang diusulkan tergantung pada interaksi antara molekul-molekul ini, dan pengontrol nano cerdas memiliki kemampuan untuk memandu nanopartikel melalui kontak anaerobik. Rancangan yang diusulkan membuktikan bahwa semakin kecil ukuran dan densitas nanopartikel, viskositas cairan akan semakin kurang dinamis, yang akan mencerminkan ketahanannya terhadap aliran. Selain itu, disimpulkan bahwa molekul hidrogen memainkan peran penting dalam mengurangi resistensi cairan limfatik karena kepadatannya yang rendah.

Pengantar

Pilihan pengobatan kanker saat ini termasuk operasi, radiasi, dan kemoterapi. Strategi pengobatan ini juga merusak jaringan biasa dan mengakibatkan pemusnahan sebagian pertumbuhan ganas. Oleh karena itu, nanoteknologi dapat mengatasi kekurangan ini dengan secara khusus menargetkan sel-sel berbahaya dan neoplasma, secara langsung melakukan reseksi tumor, dan meningkatkan efektivitas modalitas pengobatan berbasis radiasi dan lainnya. Ini dapat secara signifikan mengurangi efek samping pengobatan dan meningkatkan tingkat kelangsungan hidup. Nanoteknologi adalah alat yang menjanjikan untuk pengobatan pertumbuhan ganas karena menawarkan modalitas pengobatan yang lebih baru dan lebih baik dengan menggunakan bahan nano. Nanopartikel dapat secara khusus menargetkan banyak molekul yang diekspresikan secara berbeda pada sel kanker. Wilayah nanopartikel airfoil yang umumnya luas dapat difungsikan dengan ligan seperti partikel kecil dan antibodi peptida rantai korosif deoksiribonukleat atau ribonukleat. Ligan digunakan sebagai obat dan dalam aplikasi theranostik. Sifat fisik nanopartikel, seperti gangguan vitalitas dan radiasi ulang, juga dapat digunakan untuk mempengaruhi jaringan yang sakit, seperti dalam penghapusan laser dan aplikasi hipertermia [1].

Program perangkat lunak nanopartikel yang inovatif dan elemen farmasi aktif juga akan memungkinkan eksplorasi daftar bahan aktif yang lebih luas. Oleh karena itu, muatan imunogenik dan lapisan permukaan sedang diselidiki baik sebagai adjuvant untuk kemoterapi tradisional dan yang dimediasi nanopartikel. Strategi inovatif ini mencakup desain nanopartikel sebagai antigen buatan yang disajikan pada sel dan depot faktor stimulasi in vivo yang memberikan efek anti-tumor. Nanoteknologi merupakan bidang penelitian aktif dengan banyak aplikasi. Nanopartikel telah mendapatkan minat dalam teknologi medis karena karakteristik fisikokimianya yang dapat disesuaikan seperti titik indeks pencairan, hidrofilisitas, konduksi listrik dan termal, aktivitas katalitik, penyerapan cahaya, dan hamburan [2]. Pada prinsipnya, nanomaterial digambarkan sebagai material dengan partikel dalam kisaran 1 hingga 100 nm. Ada beberapa undang-undang di Uni Eropa dan Amerika Serikat dengan referensi khusus untuk penelitian medis menggunakan bahan nano. Namun, tidak ada definisi nanomaterial yang diterima secara internasional. Organisasi yang berbeda mempertimbangkan konsep bahan nano yang berbeda [3]. Salah satu tujuan dari sistem penghantaran obat nanopartikel adalah untuk mengobati cairan limfatik dengan sel kanker. Sistem pengiriman obat nanopartikel senyawa dalam interaksi dengan kelenjar getah bening ditunjukkan pada Gambar. 1.

Sistem penghantaran obat nanopartikel majemuk dan interaksinya dengan kelenjar getah bening

Food and Drug Administration AS menyinggung nanomaterials sebagai bahan dengan partikel dalam kisaran 1 sampai 100 dengan sifat yang berbeda dari bahan massal [4, 5]. Serat nano, pelat nano, kawat nano, titik kuantum, dan bahan terkait lainnya telah dikarakterisasi [6]. Nanopartikel lipid padat (SLNs) merupakan salah satu jenis lipid nanopartikel (LN), yang dapat dibangun dengan memanfaatkan lipid padat [7]. Versi SLN berikutnya telah dikembangkan seperti pembawa lipid berstruktur nano (NLCs), yang mewakili era kedua LN [8]. Baik SLN dan NLC dibangun dari lipid padat. Struktur interior SLN mengandung lipid padat, sedangkan NLC dikembangkan menggunakan campuran lipid padat dan cair, yang menghasilkan penampang batu mulia [9, 10]. Kelemahan ini juga telah dilaporkan untuk SLN karena SLN yang mengandung banyak segmen lipid padat dapat digunakan dalam aplikasi medis [11, 12]. Nanopartikel polimer (PN) dapat dibangun dari polimer alam atau bahan anorganik, misalnya silika [13]. Polimer atau lipid membentuk inti NP, yang meningkatkan stabilitas dan penghantaran obat dan menawarkan bentuk dan ukuran yang seragam [14]. PN dapat digambarkan sebagai nanocapsules atau nanospheres. Nanokapsul mengandung minyak dalam struktur vesikular bersama dengan obat [15, 16], sedangkan nanosfer mengandung rantai polimer tanpa minyak [17, 18]. Obat dikemas dalam PN melalui pencampuran dengan polimer. Penggabungan obat dipastikan dalam nanopartikel pada saat polimerisasi. PN dimuat dengan obat dengan melarutkan, menyebarkan, atau mengadsorpsi secara artifisial dalam konstituen jaringan polimer [19, 20]. Ada tiga jenis limfosit:sel B, sel T, dan sel pembunuh alami. Sel B membuat antibodi yang menyerang mikroorganisme yang menyerang, sementara mereka juga menyerang sistem kekebalan ketika mereka menjadi karsinogenik. Oleh karena itu, mengingat peran penting cairan limfa dalam autoimunitas, tujuan dari makalah ini adalah untuk merancang sistem penghantaran obat yang cerdas berdasarkan partikel nanoantenna. Dengan demikian, sistem mengandung banyak nanopartikel dalam jumlah yang berbeda. Bagian berikutnya menyajikan desain sistem penghantaran obat yang cerdas.

Desain Sistem Pengiriman Obat Cerdas-Nano

Sistem penghantaran obat cerdas-nano yang diusulkan berisi pengontrol nano yang dioperasikan oleh sumber listrik partikel nano yang terbuat dari bahan nano-piezoelektrik. Repositori kompleks nanopartikel memiliki sejumlah mikro-repositori. Setiap repositori kecil berisi satu jenis nanopartikel. Sebuah molekul nanopartikel berisi nanoantenna yang dirancang untuk berkomunikasi dengan nano-controller. Sistem penghantaran obat cerdas-nano yang diusulkan juga mengandung tabung nano karbon untuk penghantaran obat yang cepat ke sel kanker. Hal ini dapat dikaitkan dengan sel yang terinfeksi seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 2. Sistem dimulai dengan mengirimkan nanopartikel ke sel kanker yang disebut "nanopartikel eksplorasi". Molekul-molekul ini, melalui komunikasi anaerobik, mengirimkan gambaran lengkap tentang posisinya di dalam sel ke pengontrol nano. Berdasarkan situasi yang dihadapi oleh nanopartikel eksplorasi, nano-controller mengirimkan nanopartikel dengan jumlah, jenis, dan kepadatan yang berbeda ke sel kanker, berdasarkan informasi yang dikumpulkan dari nanopartikel eksplorasi. Nanopartikel ini disebut “melawan nanopartikel”.

Struktur umum yang menunjukkan hubungan sistem obat yang diusulkan dengan sel yang terinfeksi

Ini bukan proses acak tetapi dikendalikan oleh pengontrol nano dengan mempertimbangkan beberapa aspek dan logaritma, yang akan memastikan pengiriman nanopartikel yang efisien dan cepat. Untuk mengirimkan nanopartikel ke sel kanker secara akurat dan cepat, algoritma pencarian biner kompresif akan digunakan [21]. Selanjutnya, nanopartikel akan disampaikan dalam kepadatan yang berbeda sehingga obat menjadi lebih efektif. Metodologi tersebut dan modus operandinya dengan menggunakan nano-controller diilustrasikan pada Gambar 3. Struktur fisik nano-controller mirip dengan nanopartikel, tetapi dalam bentuk logam sehingga dapat memperoleh energi listrik untuk waktu yang singkat saat bekerja. Logam ini berisi antena nirkabel bersama dengan memori kecil yang berisi kode operasi dengan tautan partikel nano antara pengontrol nano dan penyimpanan partikel nano. Repositori nanopartikel berisi beberapa jenis nanopartikel yang berbeda. Pembukaan dan penutupan, serta durasi pembukaan gerbang nano, akan dikontrol untuk menyesuaikan jumlah partikel yang akan dikirim.

Proses pengiriman nanopartikel ke sel kanker

Deskripsi Sifat Nanopartikel yang Digunakan dalam Sistem Obat yang Diusulkan

Pada bagian selanjutnya, sifat nanopartikel yang digunakan dalam sistem penghantaran obat yang diusulkan dibahas. Dalam karya ini, nanopartikel anaerobik densitas rendah digunakan seperti yang dijelaskan dalam laporan sebelumnya [22].

Nanopartikel Berdensitas Rendah

Pertimbangkan proses pengiriman obat nanopartikel senyawa untuk kanker sebagai proses penetrasi dalam cairan getah bening, di mana tumor dikelilingi oleh cairan limfatik. Komposisi melanoma menyerupai cairan limfatik. Model analitik yang diusulkan didasarkan pada sistem nanotube yang terdiri dari tiga jenis nanopartikel yang berbeda. Nanopartikel ditempatkan dalam cairan limfatik berdensitas tinggi. Kita dapat mendefinisikan nanopartikel spesifik padatan A dalam koordinat kutub bola sebagai A = (ra, a , a), di mana ra adalah koordinat radial untuk nanopartikel padatan A, a adalah koordinat zenithal untuk nanopartikel padatan A, dan a adalah koordinat azimut untuk nanopartikel dari solid A. Koordinat yang sesuai untuk solid B adalah B = (rb, b, b), masing-masing, dan koordinat yang sesuai dari solid N adalah N = (rn, n, n), berturut-turut. Pertimbangkan bahwa ada dua sifat kelenjar getah bening, yaitu lunak dan bengkak, yang dipengaruhi oleh sel kanker limfoma Hodgkin. Kelenjar getah bening dengan sifat tender Tp dapat digambarkan sebagai Tp (N ,t ); ini berarti bahwa nilai Tp dalam hubungan dengan fluida nanopartikel padatan N bervariasi terhadap waktu. Sekarang, mari kita pertimbangkan bahwa efek total dari senyawa nanopartikel dalam properti tender didefinisikan sebagai:

$$ \mathrm{Tpt}=\mathrm{Tp}\ \left(A,t\right)+\mathrm{Tp}\ \left(B,t\right)+.\dots \dots \dots \dots + \mathrm{Tp}\ \left(N,t\right) $$ (1)

Pertimbangkan kasus yang sama untuk properti yang membengkak, yang dapat didefinisikan sebagai:

$$ \mathrm{Tst}=\mathrm{Ts}\ \left(A,t\right)+\mathrm{Ts}\ \left(B,t\right)+.\dots \dots \dots \dots + \mathrm{Ts}\ \left(N,t\right) $$ (2)

Dari Persamaan. 1 dan 2, laju perubahan kedua sifat terhadap waktu dapat ditentukan sebagai:

$$ \frac{\partial \left(\mathrm{Tp}\left(A,t\right)\right)}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \left(\mathrm{Tp}\left( B,t\right)\right)}{\partial t}+\dots \frac{\partial \left(\mathrm{Tp}\left(N,t\right)\right)}{\partial t}=\frac{\mathrm{\partial Tp}(t)}{\mathrm{\partial t}} $$ (3) $$ \frac{\partial \left(\mathrm{Ts}\left(A,t\ right)\right)}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \left(\mathrm{Ts}\left(B,t\right)\right)}{\partial t}+\dots \frac{\ parsial \left(\mathrm{Ts}\left(N,t\right)\right)}{\partial t}=\frac{\mathrm{\partial Ts}(t)}{\partial t} $$ ( 4)

Titik dalam cairan getah bening yang dapat ditempati oleh satu nanopartikel padat N didefinisikan sebagai:

$$ {\mathrm{Po}}_n=\mathrm{Po}{\left(\mathrm{po},t\right)}_n $$ (5)

Mari kita pertimbangkan nanopartikel dari turunan N padat dari cairan getah bening yang lembut didefinisikan sebagai $ \frac{\partial {\left(\mathrm{Tp}\left(N,t\right)\right)}_{\ mathrm{po}}}{\partial t} $, maka bahan senyawa turunan dari cairan limfatik lunak akan sama dengan:

$$ \frac{\partial {\left(\mathrm{Tp}\left(A,t\right)\right)}_{\mathrm{po}}}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial { \left(\mathrm{Tp}\left(B,t\right)\right)}_{\mathrm{po}}}{\partial t}+\dots \frac{\partial {\left(\mathrm{ Tp}\left(N,t\right)\right)}_{\mathrm{po}}}{\partial t}=\frac{\mathrm{\partial Tp}{(t)}_{\mathrm{ po}}}{\partial t} $$ (6) $$ \frac{\partial {\left(\mathrm{Ts}\left(A,t\right)\right)}_{\mathrm{po} }}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial {\left(\mathrm{Ts}\left(B,t\right)\right)}_{\mathrm{po}}}{\partial t}+ \dots \frac{\partial {\left(\mathrm{Ts}\left(N,t\right)\right)}_{\mathrm{po}}}{\partial t}=\frac{\mathrm{ \partial Ts}{(t)}_{\mathrm{po}}}{\partial t} $$ (7)

Komponen kecepatan yang sesuai dari benda padat N diambil sebagai (v _rn , v _ϑn , v _φn ). Kemudian, kecepatan aliran partikel N padat direpresentasikan menggunakan persamaan Navier-Stokes pada viskositas dinamis dν cairan limfa, dan p adalah tekanan dan ρ adalah densitas cairan limfa sebagai berikut:

$$ \frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\partial t}+{v}_{\mathrm{rn}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rn }}}{\mathrm{\partial rn}}+\frac{v_{\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}}{\mathrm{rn}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rn}} }{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta n}}+\frac{v_{\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}}{\mathrm{rn}\ \mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{ \partial {v}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvarphi n}}-\frac{v_{\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}^2}{\mathrm{rn}}- \frac{v_{\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}^2}{\mathrm{rn}}+\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial p}{\mathrm{\partial rn}}- \mathrm{d}\upnu \left[\frac{1}{{\mathrm{rn}}^2}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial rn}}\left({\mathrm{rn} }^2\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\mathrm{\partial rn}}\right)+\frac{1}{{\mathrm{rn}}^2\mathrm {sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta n}}\left(\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}\frac{\partial {v }_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta n}}\right)+\frac{1}{{\mathrm{rn}}^2{\sin}^2\upvartheta \mathrm {n}}\frac{\partial^2{v}_{\ma thrm{rn}}}{\partial {\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}^2}+-\frac{2{v}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{{\mathrm{rn}}^2} -\frac{2}{{\mathrm{rn}}^2\sin \upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{\partial \left({v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\mathrm{ sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}\right)}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta n}}-\frac{2}{{\mathrm{rn}}^2\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{ n}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}}{\partial_{\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}}\right]=0 $$ (8)

Viskositas dinamis dν dari cairan getah bening dihitung sebagai berikut:

Persamaan Navier-Stokes padatan A dan B dapat direpresentasikan sebagai Persamaan. 8 dan 9. Jadi, Persamaan. 9 dapat direpresentasikan sebagai berikut:

$$ \mathrm{d}\upnu =\frac{\left[\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\partial t}+{v}_{\mathrm{rn}} \frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\mathrm{\partial rn}}+\frac{v_{\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}}{\mathrm{rn}}\frac {\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta n}}+\frac{v_{\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}}{\mathrm{rn}\ \mathrm {sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvarphi n}}-\frac{v_{\upvartheta \mathrm{ n}}^2}{\mathrm{rn}}-\frac{v_{\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}^2}{\mathrm{rn}}+\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{ \partial p}{\mathrm{\partial rn}}\right]}{\left[\frac{1}{{\mathrm{rn}}^2}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial rn }}\left({\mathrm{rn}}^2\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\mathrm{\partial rn}}\kanan)+\frac{1}{ {\mathrm{rn}}^2\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta n}}\left(\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \ mathrm{n}\frac{\partial {\mathrm{v}}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta n}}\right)+\frac{1}{{\mathrm{ rn}}^2{\sin}^2\upvartheta \math rm{n}}\frac{\partial^2{\mathrm{v}}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\partial {\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}^2}-\frac{2{\ mathrm{v}}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{{\mathrm{rn}}^2}-\frac{2}{{\mathrm{rn}}^2\sin \upvartheta \mathrm{n} }\frac{\partial \left({\mathrm{v}}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}\right)}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta n}}-\frac{2}{{\mathrm{rn}}^2\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{\partial {\mathrm{v}}_{\upvarphi \mathrm {n}}}{\partial_{\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}}\right]}=\frac{\left[\frac{\partial {\mathrm{v}}_{\mathrm{ra}}} {\mathrm{\partial t}}+{\mathrm{v}}_{\mathrm{ra}}\frac{\partial {\mathrm{v}}_{\mathrm{ra}}}{\mathrm{ \partial ra}}+\frac{{\mathrm{v}}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}}{\mathrm{ra}}\frac{\partial {\mathrm{v}}_{\mathrm {ra}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta a}}+\frac{{\mathrm{v}}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{a}}}{\mathrm{ra}\ \mathrm{sin} \upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\frac{\partial {\mathrm{v}}_{\mathrm{ra}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvarphi a}}-\frac{{\mathrm{v} }_{\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}^2}{\mathrm{ra}}- \frac{{\mathrm{v}}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{a}}^2}{\mathrm{ra}}+\frac{1}{\uprho}\frac{\mathrm{\partial p} }{\mathrm{\partial ra}}\right]}{\left[\frac{1}{{\mathrm{ra}}^2}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial ra}}\ kiri({\mathrm{ra}}^2\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{ra}}}{\mathrm{\partial ra}}\kanan)+\frac{1}{{\mathrm {ra}}^2\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta a}}\left(\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{a }\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{ra}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta a}}\right)+\frac{1}{{\mathrm{ra}}^2{\ sin}^2\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\frac{\partial^2{v}_{\mathrm{ra}}}{\partial {\upvarphi \mathrm{a}}^2}-\frac{ 2{v}_{\mathrm{ra}}}{{\mathrm{ra}}^2}-\frac{2}{{\mathrm{ra}}^2\sin \upvartheta \mathrm{a}} \frac{\partial \left({v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{a}\right)}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta a}}-\ frac{2}{{\mathrm{ra}}^2\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{a}}}{\partial_{ \upvarphi \mathrm{a}}}\right]}=\frac{ \left[\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rb}}}{\partial t}+{v}_{\mathrm{rb}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{ rb}}}{\mathrm{\partial rb}}+\frac{v_{\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}}{\mathrm{rb}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rb} }}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta b}}+\frac{v_{\upvarphi \mathrm{b}}}{\mathrm{rb}\ \mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\frac {\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rb}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvarphi b}}-\frac{v_{\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}^2}{\mathrm{rb}} -\frac{v_{\upvarphi \mathrm{b}}^2}{\mathrm{rb}}+\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial p}{\mathrm{\partial rb}} \right]}{\left[\frac{1}{{\mathrm{rb}}^2}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial rb}}\left({\mathrm{rb}}^ 2\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rb}}}{\mathrm{\partial rb}}\right)+\frac{1}{{\mathrm{rb}}^2\mathrm{sin }\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta b}}\left(\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{b}\frac{\partial {v}_ {\mathrm{rb}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta b}}\right)+\frac{1}{{\mathrm{rb}}^2{\sin}^2\upvartheta \mathrm{b }}\frac{\partial^2{v}_{\mathrm{ rb}}}{\partial {\upvarphi \mathrm{b}}^2}-\frac{2{v}_{\mathrm{rb}}}{{\mathrm{rb}}^2}-\frac {2}{{\mathrm{rb}}^2\sin \upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial \left({v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\mathrm{sin}\ upvartheta \mathrm{b}\right)}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta b}}-\frac{2}{{\mathrm{rb}}^2\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{b}} \frac{\partial {v}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{b}}}{\partial_{\upvarphi \mathrm{b}}}\right]} $$ (10)

Partikel berada dalam dimensi nano; dengan demikian, jari-jari mereka akan sangat kecil, dan untuk kesederhanaan, Persamaan. 10 direpresentasikan sebagai berikut:

$$ \mathrm{d}\upnu =\left[\frac{v_{\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}}{\mathrm{rn}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rn}} }{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta n}}+\frac{v_{\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}}{\mathrm{rn}\ \mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{ \partial {v}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvarphi n}}-\frac{v_{\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}^2}{\mathrm{rn}}- \frac{v_{\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}^2}{\mathrm{rn}}+\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial p}{\mathrm{\partial rn}}\ kanan]/\kiri[\frac{1}{{\mathrm{rn}}^2}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial rn}}\left({\mathrm{rn}}^2\ frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\mathrm{\partial rn}}\right)+\frac{1}{{\mathrm{rn}}^2\mathrm{sin}\ upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta n}}\left(\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}\frac{\partial {\mathrm{v} }_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta n}}\right)+\frac{1}{{\mathrm{rn}}^2{\sin}^2\upvartheta \mathrm {n}}\frac{\partial^2{\mathrm{v}}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\partial {\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}^2}-\frac{2{\mathrm {v}}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{{\math rm{rn}}^2}-\frac{2}{{\mathrm{rn}}^2\sin \upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{\partial \left({\mathrm{v}}_ {\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}\right)}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta n}}-\frac{2}{{\mathrm{rn}} ^2\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{\partial {\mathrm{v}}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}}{\partial_{\upvarphi \mathrm{n}} }\right]=\left[\frac{{\mathrm{v}}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}}{\mathrm{ra}}\frac{\partial {\mathrm{v}}_{ \mathrm{ra}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta a}}+\frac{{\mathrm{v}}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{a}}}{\mathrm{ra}\ \mathrm{ sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\frac{\partial {\mathrm{v}}_{\mathrm{ra}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvarphi a}}-\frac{{\mathrm{ v}}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}^2}{\mathrm{ra}}-\frac{{\mathrm{v}}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{a}}^2}{\mathrm {ra}}+\frac{1}{\uprho}\frac{\mathrm{\partial p}}{\mathrm{\partial ra}}\right]/\left[\frac{1}{{\mathrm {ra}}^2}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial ra}}\left({\mathrm{ra}}^2\frac{\partial {\mathrm{v}}_{\mathrm {ra}}}{\mathrm{\partial ra}}\rig ht)+\frac{1}{{\mathrm{ra}}^2\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta a}}\left (\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{a}\frac{\partial {\mathrm{v}}_{\mathrm{ra}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta a}}\right)+\ frac{1}{{\mathrm{ra}}^2{\sin}^2\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\frac{\partial^2{\mathrm{v}}_{\mathrm{ra}} }{\partial {\upvarphi \mathrm{a}}^2}-\frac{2{\mathrm{v}}_{\mathrm{ra}}}{{\mathrm{ra}}^2}-\ frac{2}{{\mathrm{ra}}^2\sin \upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\frac{\partial \left({\mathrm{v}}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\ mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{a}\right)}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta a}}-\frac{2}{{\mathrm{ra}}^2\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \ mathrm{a}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{a}}}{\partial_{\upvarphi \mathrm{a}}}\right]=\left[\frac{v_{\ upvartheta \mathrm{b}}}{\mathrm{rb}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rb}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta b}}+\frac{v_{\ upvarphi \mathrm{b}}}{\mathrm{rb}\ \mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rb}}}{\mathrm{\ sebagian \ upvarphi b}}-\frac{v_{\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}^2}{\mathrm{rb}}-\frac{v_{\upvarphi \mathrm{b}}^2}{\mathrm{rb }}+\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial p}{\mathrm{\partial rb}}\right]/\left[\frac{1}{{\mathrm{rb}}^2 }\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial rb}}\left({\mathrm{rb}}^2\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rb}}}{\mathrm{\ parsial rb}}\kanan)+\frac{1}{{\mathrm{rb}}^2\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta b}}\left(\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{b}\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rb}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta b}}\kanan)+ \frac{1}{{\mathrm{rb}}^2{\sin}^2\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial^2{v}_{\mathrm{rb}}}{\ parsial {\upvarphi \mathrm{b}}^2}-\frac{2{v}_{\mathrm{rb}}}{{\mathrm{rb}}^2}-\frac{2}{{{\ mathrm{rb}}^2\sin \upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial \left({v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{b} \right)}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta b}}-\frac{2}{{\mathrm{rb}}^2\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial { v}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{b}}}{\partial _{\upvarphi \mathrm{b}}}\right] $$ (11)

Persamaan 11 dapat direpresentasikan sebagai berikut:

$$ \mathrm{d}\upnu =\mathrm{rn}\left[{v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\ mathrm{\partial \upvartheta n}}+\frac{v_{\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}}{\ \mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\ mathrm{rn}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvarphi n}}-{v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}^2-{v}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}^2+ \frac{\mathrm{rn}}{\rho}\frac{\partial p}{\mathrm{\partial rn}}\right]/\left[\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial rn} }\left({\mathrm{rn}}^2\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\mathrm{\partial rn}}\right)+\frac{1}{\ mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta n}}\left(\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}\frac{\partial { v}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta n}}\right)+\frac{1}{\sin^2\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{\partial^ 2{v}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\partial {\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}^2}-2{v}_{\mathrm{rn}}-\frac{2}{\sin \upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{\partial \left({v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}\right)}{\mathrm{\ par tial \upvartheta n}}-\frac{2}{\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}}{\partial_{\ upvarphi \mathrm{n}}}\right]=\mathrm{ra}\left[{v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{ra}}} {\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta a}}+\frac{v_{\upvarphi \mathrm{a}}}{\ \mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\frac{\partial {v}_ {\mathrm{ra}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvarphi a}}-{v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}^2-{v}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{a}}^ 2+\frac{\mathrm{ra}}{\rho}\frac{\partial p}{\mathrm{\partial ra}}\right]/\left[\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial ra}}\left({\mathrm{ra}}^2\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{ra}}}{\mathrm{\partial ra}}\kanan)+\frac{1} {\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta a}}\left(\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{a}\frac{\ parsial {v}_{\mathrm{ra}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta a}}\right)+\frac{1}{\sin^2\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\frac{\ parsial^2{v}_{\mathrm{ra}}}{\partial {\upvarphi \mathrm{a}}^2}-2{v}_{\mathrm{ra}}-\frac{2}{ \dosa \upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\frac{\partial \left({v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{a}\right)}{\mathrm{\ parsial \upvartheta a}}-\frac{2}{\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{a}}}{\partial_{\ upvarphi \mathrm{a}}}\right]=\mathrm{rb}\left[{v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rb}}} {\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta b}}+\frac{v_{\upvarphi \mathrm{b}}}{\ \mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial {v}_ {\mathrm{rb}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvarphi b}}-{v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}^2-{v}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{b}}^ 2+\frac{\mathrm{rb}}{\rho}\frac{\partial p}{\mathrm{\partial rb}}\right]/\left[\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial rb}}\left({\mathrm{rb}}^2\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rb}}}{\mathrm{\partial rb}}\kanan)+\frac{1} {\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta b}}\left(\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{b}\frac{\ parsial {v}_{\mathrm{rb}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta b}}\kanan)+\frac{1}{\si n^2\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial^2{v}_{\mathrm{rb}}}{\partial {\upvarphi \mathrm{b}}^2}-2{v} _{\mathrm{rb}}-\frac{2}{\sin \upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial \left({v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\mathrm{sin }\upvartheta \mathrm{b}\right)}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta b}}-\frac{2}{\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial {v }_{\upvarphi \mathrm{b}}}{\partial_{\upvarphi \mathrm{b}}}\right] $$ (12)

Ada hubungan langsung antara jari-jari nanopartikel dan viskositas getah bening akibat kanker. Jika getah bening menjadi terlalu statis dan kental, ia tidak dapat menjalankan fungsinya dengan baik, yaitu mengedarkan dan membersihkan racun serta membantu melawan kanker. Jika ukuran nanopartikel lebih kecil, sel kanker limfatik mudah dibunuh. Untuk menggambarkan transpor jumlah total senyawa nanopartikel, kami menggunakan persamaan kontinuitas dan mengasumsikan tiga nanopartikel padatan A, B, dan N sebagai berikut:

$$ \frac{1}{{\mathrm{ra}}^2}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial ra}}\left({\mathrm{ra}}^2{v}_{ \mathrm{ra}}\right)+\frac{1}{\mathrm{ra}\ \mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta a }}\left(\sin {\upvartheta \mathrm{v}}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\right)+\frac{1}{\mathrm{ra}\ \mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \ mathrm{a}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{a}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvarphi a}}+\frac{1}{{\mathrm{rb}}^ 2}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial rb}}\left({\mathrm{rb}}^2{v}_{\mathrm{rb}}\right)+\frac{1}{ \mathrm{rb}\ \mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta b}}\left(\sin {\upvartheta v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\right)+\frac{1}{\mathrm{rb}\ \mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{ b}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvarphi b}}+\frac{1}{{\mathrm{rn}}^2}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial rn}}\left( {\mathrm{rn}}^2{v}_{\mathrm{rn}}\right)+\frac{1}{\mathrm{rn}\ \mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\ pecahan{\parti al }{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta n}}\left(\sin {\upvartheta v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\right)+\frac{1}{\mathrm{rn}\ \ mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvarphi n}}=0 $$ (13)

Viskositas fluida dinamis dapat ditentukan dari persamaan berikut [23]:

$$ \mathrm{Vs}=\frac{2}{9}\frac{r^2g\ \left(\uprho \mathrm{p}-\uprho \mathrm{f}\right)}{\mathrm{dv }} $$ (14)

where Vs is the particles’ settling velocity (m/s), r is the Stokes radius of the particle (m), g is the gravitational acceleration (m/s² ), ρp is the density of the particles (kg/m³ ), ρf is the density of the fluid (kg/m³ ), and dv is the (dynamic) fluid viscosity (Pa·s). The lymph fluid is slightly heavier than water (lymph density = 1019 kg/m³ , water density = 998.28 kg/m³ at 20 °C). As a reference value, we consider the dynamic viscosity of the water to be 1.002 × 10^–3 kg m^–1 s^–1 ).

Dynamic viscosity is the measurement of the fluid’s internal resistance to flow, while kinematic viscosity refers to the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density. The effect of all the nanoparticles on the fluid viscosity is represented as follows:

$$ \mathrm{dv}=\frac{2\mathrm{g}}{9}\left[\frac{{\mathrm{ra}}^2\left(\uprho \mathrm{a}-\uprho \mathrm{f}\right)}{\mathrm{vsa}}+\frac{{\mathrm{rb}}^2\left(\uprho \mathrm{b}-\uprho \mathrm{f}\right)}{\mathrm{vsb}}+\frac{{\mathrm{rn}}^2\left(\uprho \mathrm{n}-\uprho \mathrm{f}\right)}{\mathrm{vn}}\right] $$ (15)

By comparing Eq. 12 and Eq. 15, the following equation could be emerged:

$$ \left|\frac{2\mathrm{g}}{9}\left[\frac{{\mathrm{ra}}^2\left(\uprho \mathrm{a}-\uprho \mathrm{f}\right)}{\mathrm{vsa}}+\frac{{\mathrm{rb}}^2\left(\uprho \mathrm{b}-\uprho \mathrm{f}\right)}{\mathrm{vsb}}+\frac{{\mathrm{rn}}^2\left(\uprho \mathrm{n}-\uprho \mathrm{f}\right)}{\mathrm{vn}}\right]\right|=\mathrm{rn}\left[{v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta n}}+\frac{v_{\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}}{\ \mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvarphi n}}-{v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}^2-{v}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}^2+\frac{\mathrm{rn}}{\uprho \mathrm{f}}\frac{\mathrm{\partial p}}{\mathrm{\partial rn}}\right]/\left[\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial rn}}\left({\mathrm{rn}}^2\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\mathrm{\partial rn}}\right)+\frac{1}{\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta n}}\left(\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta n}}\right)+\frac{1}{\sin^2\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{\partial^2{v}_{\mathrm{rn}}}{\partial {\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}^2}-2{v}_{\mathrm{rn}}-\frac{2}{\sin \upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{\partial \left({v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}\right)}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta n}}-\frac{2}{\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{n}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}}{\partial_{\upvarphi \mathrm{n}}}\right]=\mathrm{ra}\left[{v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{ra}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta a}}+\frac{v_{\upvarphi \mathrm{a}}}{\ \mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{ra}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvarphi a}}-{v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}^2-{v}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{a}}^2+\frac{\mathrm{ra}}{\uprho \mathrm{f}}\frac{\partial p}{\mathrm{\partial ra}}\right]/\left[\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial ra}}\left({\mathrm{ra}}^2\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{ra}}}{\mathrm{\partial ra}}\right)+\frac{1}{\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta a}}\left(\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{a}\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{ra}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta a}}\right)+\frac{1}{\sin^2\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\frac{\partial^2{v}_{\mathrm{ra}}}{\partial {\upvarphi \mathrm{a}}^2}-2{v}_{\mathrm{ra}}-\frac{2}{\sin \upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\frac{\partial \left({v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{a}\right)}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta a}}-\frac{2}{\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{a}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{a}}}{\partial_{\upvarphi \mathrm{a}}}\right]=\mathrm{rb}\left[{v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rb}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta b}}+\frac{v_{\upvarphi \mathrm{b}}}{\ \mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rb}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvarphi b}}-{v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}^2-{v}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{b}}^2+\frac{\mathrm{rb}}{\uprho \mathrm{f}}\frac{\partial p}{\mathrm{\partial rb}}\right]/\left[\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial rb}}\left({\mathrm{rb}}^2\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rb}}}{\mathrm{\partial rb}}\right)+\frac{1}{\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial }{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta b}}\left(\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{b}\frac{\partial {v}_{\mathrm{rb}}}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta b}}\right)+\frac{1}{\sin^2\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial^2{v}_{\mathrm{rb}}}{\partial {\upvarphi \mathrm{b}}^2}-2{v}_{\mathrm{rb}}-\frac{2}{\sin \upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial \left({v}_{\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{b}\right)}{\mathrm{\partial \upvartheta b}}-\frac{2}{\mathrm{sin}\upvartheta \mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial {v}_{\upvarphi \mathrm{b}}}{\partial_{\upvarphi \mathrm{b}}}\right] $$ (16)

Equation 16 depicts the relationship between the density of the lymph fluid, the density of the nanoparticles of the compound drug system, and the radius of the nanoparticles. There is a positive correlation between the density of the lymph fluid and the density of the nanoparticles. The smaller the density and radius of nanoparticles, the lesser the density of the fluid will be. As established earlier, the decrease in the density of the lymph fluid leads to its inability to reproduce and reduce the ferocity of the disease. It can, therefore, be concluded that the tumor can be cured by minimizing the size of nanoparticles. These particles can reach in the range of up to 0.1 nm (i.e., Angstrom or picometer range). The particles of this size can act as the nucleus of drug delivery in this drug system. Equation 16 shows that radii of the nanoparticles in the proposed drug system are related to the effectiveness of the delivery system. Much lower sized nanoparticles can reduce the density of lymph fluid and the spread of the disease.

Nanoparticles with Nanoantennas

This study used the nanoparticle described in an earlier report [22] as an emissary with a nano-microcontroller. In the system, the proposed transmission distance is very small and compatible with the composition of nanoparticles. Thus, the middle gap can be neglected in mid-distance and is symbolized by C _d . Further, R _a and X _a are the real part and the imaginary part of the anaerobic impedance. After neglecting the load of the intercellular space between the nanoparticles and the nano-microcontroller, R _a and X _a can be calculated as follows [22]:

$$ {R}_a=\frac{r_{a0}}{1+{C}_d{w}_a\left(2{x}_{a0}+{C}_d\left({r_{a0}}^2+{x_{a0}}^2\right){w}_a\right)} $$ (17) $$ {X}_a=\frac{x_0-{C}_d\left({r_{a0}}^2+{x_{a0}}^2\right){w}_a}{1+{C}_d{w}_a\left(2{x}_{a0}+{C}_d\left({r_{a0}}^2+{x_{a0}}^2\right){w}_a\right)} $$ (18)

Thus, the load resistance value of nanotubes can be predicted as in the following equation:

$$ {r}_l=\frac{g^2R}{g^2-2 gSX{\varepsilon}_L\omega +{S}^2\left({R}^2+{X}^2\right){\varepsilon_L}^2{\omega}^2} $$ (19)

where ε _L is the permittivity of the loading material, g is the size of the gap, and S is the effective cross-section area of the gap. In order to simplify the equation, the value of g ² can be neglected as it is too low and the final equation can be rewritten as follows:

$$ {r}_l=\frac{g^2R}{-2 gSX{\varepsilon}_L\omega +{S}^2\left({R}^2+{X}^2\right){\varepsilon_L}^2{\omega}^2} $$ (20)

Then,

$$ {r}_l=\frac{g^2R}{S{\varepsilon}_L\omega \left(-2 gX+S\left({R}^2+{X}^2\right){\varepsilon}_L\omega \right)} $$ (21)

The optical nano-photo concept can be used as an effective tool for interpreting and predicting these effects to design and improve nanoscale parameters and increase the nano-sensitivity to serve better as a single molecular sensor. Nanoantenna may provide optimal performance in terms of sensitivity, efficiency, and bandwidth in the process. The next section presents the concept of searching the cancerous lymph nodes using compressive binary search algorithm.

Searching for the Target Lymphatic Nodes Using Compressive Binary Search

In order for nanoparticles to reach the cancerous cells in a fast and efficient manner, we applied compressive binary search by the nano-microcontroller. The guided nanoparticles follow a specific path to quickly reach the target. This movement is based on the information obtained from the “exploratory nanoparticles.” Assume that the target lymph node, Tf, has exactly one nonzero entry, where the location of the lymph node is unknown. The algorithm divides mt measurements into a total of St stages, where St refers to the stages of the lymph nodes. The measurements are more than one for all the stages of the lymph nodes, which is necessary for the algorithm to be executed until completion. Based on this measurement, the algorithm decides between going left or right, until the nanoparticles reach the target, the cancerous lymph node.

Hasil dan Diskusi

In order to analyze the proposed design, the nanoparticles were applied to the following five types of materials:silicone, lithium, lung, helium, and hydrogen. The materials were chosen because of their low density. The lung nanoparticles were samples from nano-sized lung nodules. They appear encircling with white shadows in a chest X-ray or computerized tomography scan taken from the lung of the person and required to be undamaged. The proposed idea is based on the analytical model, which indicates that the smaller the density of nanoparticles, the smaller the dynamic viscosity will be. This will result in a decrease in fluid viscosity. It is shown that the types of materials and the density of each particle will affect settling velocity of nanoparticles at entry into the lymphatic fluid and the density of the lymphatic fluid. We considered the following parameters:acceleration of gravity (g ) = 9.80665, particle diameter (d ) = 10 A, initial density of lymph fluid (ρf) = 998.28, and dynamic viscosity = 0.0010 kg m^–1 s^–1 [24]. These parameters were selected by the assumption that the viscosity of the lymphatic fluid is very similar to the viscosity of the water and the very small difference does not affect the results of the model. Figure 4 illustrates the density of nanoparticles for five selected materials for application in the proposed analytical model. Figure 5 shows the settling velocity for each particle. Figure 6 shows the effect of the settling velocity of nanoparticles on altering the lymphocyte density of cancer cells. The results shown in Fig. 6 show that the settling velocity of the particles carries a negative value. This indicates that the nanoparticle after entering in the lymphatic fluid rapidly moves in the opposite direction toward their entry into the lymphatic fluid. In general, any object that moves in the negative direction has a negative velocity. This movement of the particle leads to reduced viscosity of the lymphatic fluid.

Density of nanoparticles for the five selected materials

The settling velocity data for each particle

The effect of the settling velocity of nanoparticles on changing the lymphocyte density of cancer cells

Silicone nanoparticles showed the settling velocity of approximately − 2.87 × 10–15 m/s. This resulted in a decrease in viscosity of the lymphatic fluid to 987.72 kg/m³ for the initial density 998.28 kg/m³ . The density is continuously reduced to a point where hydrogen produces extremely spectacular results, i.e., the complete collapse of lymphatic fluid resistance. The density of the lymphatic fluid − 856.28 kg/m³ with the negative sign indicated that there was no resistance from the lymphatic fluid to the flow of the nanoparticles, resulting in the complete collapse of the liquid fluid. Both the hydrogen and helium particles have a significant impact on the liquid viscosity due to the low density of the particles. Hence, it is important to use a drug system consisting of a group of nanoparticles for low-density materials. Figure 7 shows the relationship between the diameters of lung nanoparticles and the number of nanoparticles in one group. The figure shows that the higher the diameter of nanoparticles, the fewer their number in a group. This is clearly shown at the highest value of the nanoparticle diameter of 1000 nm, where the number of molecules in a group is 20 molecules. Figure 8 shows the relationship between the diameters of lithium nanoparticles and the number of nanoparticles in one group. This figure demonstrates the inverse relationship between the radius of nanoparticles and the number of molecules in a group where lithium particle diameters are significantly lower than the lung nanoparticles, where the number of nanoparticles in Fig. 7 is relatively low compared to the lithium particles as shown in Fig. 8. And the multicolor balls in both figures refer to different ranges of nanoparticle radii for each group, where each group contains a number of nanoparticles with different sizes. The best results can be obtained when hydrogen and helium particles are increased from other substances. A mixture of different materials should be used so that the properties of these substances can be used in the treatment process as well as to reduce viscosity. Figure 9 illustrates the different sets of materials proposed to have the mean highest density of both hydrogen and helium materials. Figure 10 shows the average mass of a nanoparticle in a group. It can be seen that the mass of both hydrogen and helium is the highest compared to the mass of particles of other substances. Figure 11 illustrates the relationship between the diameters of the nanoparticles and the width of its group or class. It is important to note that these results will open up a new area to reduce the resistance of the lymphatic fluid in tumors. This can be achieved using hydrogen nanoparticles of a size in the range of Angstrom. In addition to hydrogen nanoparticles, there may also exist a number of other substances in the same size. Figure 12 illustrates the standard deviation of a number of coefficients for both lung and lithium nanoparticles. These coefficients are limited to fractions of nanoparticles in a single group as well as their number in addition to the diameters of these nanoparticles. It is clear that the group fractions have the less value of the standard deviation. Hence, most of the fractions in the computational processes are around the mean of these values. Figure 13 shows the standard deviation of the mass for particles of silicones, lithium, lungs, helium, and hydrogen in one group. It is clear that the particles of the lung have the largest standard deviation and the lithium has the minimum value.

Group of nanoparticles in the lung cells and their number in one of the proposed groups

Group of nanoparticles in the lithium cells and their number in one of the proposed groups

Different sets of materials proposed to have the mean highest density of both hydrogen and helium materials

Average mass of a nanoparticle in a group

Diameters of the nanoparticles related to the group width

The standard deviation of lung and lithium nanoparticles coefficients

The standard deviation of the mass for particles of silicones, lithium, lungs, helium, and hydrogen in one group

Methods

The aim of this study was to establish a nano-drug delivery system capable of delivering the drugs effectively to the cancer cells. The following methodology was used to deliver nanoparticles:

i)
Low-density nanoparticles

This study proposed the theoretical approach of nanoparticles as a low-density drug. This depends on the density and the settling velocity of the nanoparticles, as these nanoparticles can overcome the resistance of the lymphatic fluid.

ii)
Preparation of anaerobic nanoparticles

This study uses the idea of nanoparticles possessing an antenna through which a connection can be made between nanoparticles and nano-controller. The transmission distance was assumed to be too small to match the composition of nanoparticles and also to fit the actual distance between them.

iii)
Nano-controller design

Its function is to deliver the nanoparticle drug to cancer cells. Its role is to send signals to the nanoparticles and coordinate their actions and direct them to the lymphatic fluid of tumors.

iv)
Searching for the target lymphatic nodes

The lymphatic nodes are searched using compressive binary search algorithm. This algorithm is characterized by high-speed search, which makes nanoparticles more accessible to infected cells than the conventional methods. The primary supervisor behind the performance of the nanoparticles is the nano-controller. It directs nanoparticles to the infected cells by following this algorithm to ensure that an appropriate number of molecules are in proportional density to the lymphatic fluid.

Conclusion

There have been various studies managing the treatment of malignant growth utilizing nanoparticles. The lymphatic liquid in tumors plays a substantial role in the obstruction of medication to the cancer cells. We developed an intelligent drug delivery system containing a consortium of nanoparticles. The proposed design demonstrates that small nanoparticles result in low density of the fluid. The results indicated that hydrogen particles are most efficient in reducing resistance toward lymphatic liquid owing to their smaller size. Furthermore, the design involves an anaerobic nano-controller that can determine the state and area of the particles. This technique conveys the medication to the infected cell more effectively.

Ketersediaan Data dan Materi

The datasets supporting the results of this article are included within the article.

Singkatan

LN:: Lipid nanoparticles
NLC:: Nanostructured lipid carriers
PN:: Polymeric nanoparticles
SLNs:: Solid lipid nanoparticles

Persiapan dan Karakterisasi Micro-Nanofibers AMT/Co(acac)3-Loaded PAN/PS dengan Pori-pori Besar Ketergantungan Sifat Elektronik dan Optik Multilayer MoS2 pada Kopling Antar Lapisan dan Singularitas Van Hove

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